DC HOSA Leadership Hub
Domain

Team

Working with people, and getting a group to function.

Lead Yourself

What do I do?

The Debrief

Lead YourselfTeamBUILD20 min

Experience on its own does not teach. A competition where everyone performs and then moves on produces far less than the same competition followed by twenty structured minutes. Most of the learning from a HOSA event is in the debrief, not the event.

Timing

Three windows, each doing a different job.

  • Within 24 hours — how did it feel. This has to happen while the feeling is still fresh.
  • Within 48 hours — what worked, what changes, what the specific next step is.
  • Within a week — each participant writes their own reflection down.
Who runs it

The person leading facilitates rather than evaluates. Ask questions, name what you observed, and hold back recommendations until after the group has done its own analysis.

Do this
  1. Book the 48-hour slot before the event happens, not after.
  2. Open by stating one thing you personally got wrong, before anyone else speaks.
  3. Close with one named change, one owner, and one date.

Where it shows up: After SLC, after any chapter event, and after an officer team misses something.

Coach note
The chair naming their own mistake first is the mechanism, not a nicety. Teams read whether it is safe to be honest from what the person in charge does in the first sixty seconds.
Grounded in
RPsychological safety and the failure debrief
Edmondson (1999), Administrative Science Quarterly. Reflection-on-experience framing after Kolb (1984); written reflection after Pennebaker (1997).
The retention comparison between written and verbal reflection that appeared in the original build has been removed — the figure could not be sourced.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-debrief  ·  Lead Yourself  ·  Team

What a Team Expects of You

Lead YourselfTeamBUILD10 min

A chapter that works has written down what its members owe each other — how fast people reply, how a disagreement gets raised, what happens when someone misses a commitment. As a member you did not write that document, but you are bound by it, and the fastest way to be trusted with more is to know it and keep it.

Ask to see it

Every chapter with an officer charter has a member-facing half. If yours does not, ask an officer what the unwritten version is. The answer tells you a lot about the chapter.

The four that matter most
  • Response time. If the group chat expects a reply within a day, a reply within a day. Silence reads as absence.
  • Commitments. If you say you will do a thing, it happens or you say early that it will not. Late is recoverable; silent is not.
  • Disagreement. Raise it to the person, in the way the charter says, not around them.
  • Showing up. Two meetings missed without a word is a signal to the officers whether you mean it as one or not.
What you get back

A chapter that keeps these is one where you get a real task with a real deadline by your third meeting — because you have shown you will do it. That is the trade.

Do this
  1. Read the chapter charter, or ask an officer to describe the expectations in one minute.
  2. Pick the one of the four you are weakest on. Fix that one this month.
  3. Reply to the next chapter message within the day, even if the reply is ‘can’t, sorry’.

Where it shows up: Your first month in the chapter. It is the member side of the Officer Charter at Lead a Team.

Coach note
Members are rarely told what is expected until they have already broken it. Have officers read the member-facing half of the charter aloud at the first meeting of the year. Once.
Grounded in
RTeam charters — Mathieu & Rapp
Mathieu & Rapp (2009), Journal of Applied Psychology 94(1), 90–103 — teams with high-quality charters showed better performance trajectories. This card is the member-facing corollary.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-what-a-team-expects  ·  Lead Yourself  ·  Team

Say the Uncomfortable Thing

Lead YourselfTeamEMPOWER10 min

Teams that work are ones where people can say ‘I think this is wrong’, ‘I don’t know how to do this’, or ‘I made a mistake’ without paying for it. That condition has a name, it is the strongest single predictor of team effectiveness there is, and it is created by what the person in charge does — not by team-building activities.

What it is

Psychological safety: the shared belief that the team is safe for interpersonal risk-taking. Not niceness. Not the absence of disagreement. The opposite — a team where disagreement is cheap enough to happen.

As a member, three things you can do
  • Ask the question everyone is thinking. The first person to say ‘I don’t understand the plan’ makes it possible for the next four.
  • Report your own mistake before it is found. Early and plainly. ‘I dropped this, here is where it stands.’
  • When someone else does either of those, respond to the content and not to the courage. Treat it as normal, because it should be.
How the chapter measures it

There is a seven-item scale, free and short. Officers run it in October and again in March and report the team average — never individual answers. If the number is low, the fix is in what the officers do, not in the members.

Do this
  1. At the next meeting, ask one question you would normally keep to yourself.
  2. The next time you drop something, say so in the group chat within the day.
  3. Answer the seven-item pulse honestly when the officers send it.

Where it shows up: Every meeting, every group chat. The Debrief card depends on it entirely.

Coach note
You cannot instruct a team to be safe. You can only go first — state your own mistake before anyone else speaks, respond to a hard question with thanks rather than defence, and do it every time. The seven-item pulse tells you whether it is working; the members’ behaviour tells you whether you are.
Grounded in
RPsychological safety — Edmondson
Edmondson (1999), Administrative Science Quarterly — the construct and the seven-item team psychological safety scale. Identified as the strongest predictor of team effectiveness in Google’s Project Aristotle.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-say-the-uncomfortable-thing  ·  Lead Yourself  ·  Team

When Someone Is Upset

Lead YourselfTeamCONNECT10 min

Saying the wrong thing to someone in distress does not just fail to help — it tells them their experience is invalid, and trust closes in seconds. In a clinic that costs a patient relationship; in a chapter it costs a member. These are questions that open the conversation instead of closing it.

Ask this, not that
  • Anger — ask ‘what boundary do you feel was crossed?’ Not ‘calm down’ or ‘it’s not a big deal’.
  • Sadness — ask ‘what loss or unmet expectation is this?’ Not ‘it could be worse’.
  • Anxiety — ask ‘what worries you most, and what is actually in your control?’ Not ‘just relax’.
  • Frustration — ask ‘what is at stake that you care about?’ Not ‘let it go’.
  • Overwhelm — ask ‘what is one thing we could take off your plate right now?’ Not ‘everyone’s busy’.
  • Shame — ask ‘what story are you telling yourself about what happened?’ Not ‘you shouldn’t feel that way’.
  • Fear — ask ‘what is the worst that could realistically happen, and could you handle it?’ Not ‘don’t be scared’.
  • Disappointment — ask ‘what were you expecting that didn’t happen?’ Not ‘you should have known’.
The pattern under all eight

Every ‘ask’ line is a question about the person’s experience. Every ‘not’ line is an instruction to stop having it. That is the whole difference, and it is enough.

Do this
  1. Pick the one emotion you most often meet in the chapter. Learn its ‘ask’ line by heart.
  2. The next time you catch yourself about to say a ‘not’ line, ask the question instead.
  3. Notice what happens in the following ten seconds.

Where it shows up: After a competition result. In the group chat at 11pm. At a health fair table when someone is scared of what they just read.

Coach note
This is a script, not a theory, and it is labelled as one. It works because it is specific and rehearsed. Do not let it become a poster — have members practise the lines in pairs once, out loud.
Grounded in
PPractitioner script for responding to negative emotions
Practitioner framework as supplied in the original DC HOSA materials. Consistent with the validation literature in clinical communication, but the specific eight-line script has no independent empirical base — present it as a working tool, never as research.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-supporting-others-emotions  ·  Lead Yourself  ·  Team

Lead a Team

How do I get a group to do it?

Write the Charter

Lead a TeamTeamBUILD45 min

Charter-writing is one of the few team interventions with clean evidence behind it. It costs one meeting in the first two weeks, and officer teams almost never do it — then spend the year having the arguments the charter would have settled.

Six fields, one page, signed
  • What this team exists to accomplish this year. One or two sentences, not a mission statement.
  • Who decides what, and by what rule — consensus, majority, the president’s call. Name the rule per type of decision.
  • Expected response time on the group chat.
  • How we raise a disagreement. To whom, in what form, by when.
  • What happens the first time someone misses a commitment. Written before it happens, so it is a procedure and not a confrontation.
  • When we revisit this document. The date. This field is what separates a charter from a poster.
Add the accountability script

The last field of the charter is the exact wording one officer uses to raise a missed commitment with another. Agreed in advance, it is usable. Improvised in the moment, it is a conflict. See Hold a Peer Accountable.

Run the pulse from it

The seven-item psychological safety scale goes out in October and March. The charter names who sends it and states that only the team average is reported.

Do this
  1. Book one officer meeting in the first two weeks of the term for nothing but this.
  2. Fill all six fields. Sign it. Photograph it.
  3. Put the revisit date in the calendar — the January reset is the natural one.

Where it shows up: The first two weeks of every officer term, at chapter and state level. Revisited at the January midpoint.

Coach note
If a team says they ‘don’t need’ a charter because they get along, that is the team that needs it most — they have never had the disagreement that would have tested it. Ask what happens the first time someone misses a deadline. If nobody can answer in a sentence, there is no charter.
Grounded in
RTeam charters and performance strategies — Mathieu & Rapp
Mathieu & Rapp (2009), Journal of Applied Psychology 94(1), 90–103.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-write-the-charter  ·  Lead a Team  ·  Team

Conflict Triage

Lead a TeamTeamBUILD15 min

Conflict on a team comes in three kinds, and the wrong response to one kind makes it worse. Before responding to any officer-team conflict, the chair answers one question — which kind is this — and that answer routes to a different script. The single most useful move a student leader can learn is converting a relationship complaint into a task or process question.

Which kind is this?answer before responding Taskwhat are we doing? Processhow are we doing it? Relationshiphow do we feel about each other? structured debateboth positions, then the rule charter amendmentthe missing rule, written private conversationnever in the meeting most relationship complaints have a task or process complaint underneath — find it and treat that
The three kinds
  • Task — what are we doing? A disagreement about the goal, the event, the decision. Some of this is healthy.
  • Process — how are we doing it? Who decides, who does what, by when. Usually a charter gap.
  • Relationship — how do we feel about each other. Consistently harmful, and it is never resolved in a meeting.
Three scripts
  • Task → structured debate. Put both positions on the board, give each side two minutes uninterrupted, vote or decide by the rule in the charter.
  • Process → charter amendment. The conflict is a missing rule. Write the rule; the conflict usually dissolves.
  • Relationship → a private conversation between the two people, or with the chair as a third. Not the group chat, not the meeting. Ever.
The conversion

Most relationship complaints have a task or process complaint underneath. ‘She never listens’ is often ‘she made a decision the charter says we make together’. Find the underneath and treat that.

Do this
  1. Next conflict: before responding, write down which of the three it is.
  2. Apply the matching script and nothing else.
  3. If it was relationship, ask what the task or process complaint underneath might be.

Where it shows up: Officer team meetings. SEC. Any committee. It replaces the difficult-conversations models the old build carried.

Coach note
Advisors get pulled into relationship conflict and try to mediate it in front of the team. Do not. Take it private, and ask each person separately what the other one did — the task or process answer is usually right there.
Grounded in
RTask, relationship and process conflict — Jehn; De Dreu & Weingart meta-analysis
Jehn (1995), Administrative Science Quarterly; De Dreu & Weingart (2003), Journal of Applied Psychology — relationship conflict consistently harmful, task conflict less benign than earlier claimed. Interest-based framing after Fisher & Ury (P).
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-conflict-triage  ·  Lead a Team  ·  Team

Hand Off a Task

Lead a TeamTeamEMPOWER15 min

Delegation fails in one of two ways: the task is thrown over the wall and dropped, or it is handed over and then taken back at the first wobble. There is a four-rung sequence that avoids both, and health science students already know it — it is how a clinical skill is taught.

OfficerMember 1you do it — narrating the decisionsthey watch 2beside themthey drive 3you watchthey do it — you say nothing unless asked 4they do it and report back — you are not in the room the rungmost skip only rung 4 is delegation — the first three are training
Four rungs

Same task, four passes, the officer stepping back one rung each time.

  • You do it while they watch. Narrate what you are deciding, not just what you are doing.
  • You do it together. They drive, you are beside them.
  • They do it while you watch. You say nothing unless asked.
  • They do it and report back. You are not in the room.
What each rung is for
  • Rung one makes the invisible decisions visible.
  • Rung two catches the misunderstanding before it becomes a habit.
  • Rung three is the hard one for the officer — the silence is the teaching.
  • Rung four is the only rung that counts as delegation. The first three are training.
Not this

The old build carried a matrix that matched a leadership ‘style’ to a member’s readiness. That model is widely taught and has weak evidence for the prescribed matching. Retired. The four rungs are simpler, and they work.

Do this
  1. Pick one task you keep doing yourself. Name the member who should own it by December.
  2. Schedule the four rungs on four dates.
  3. On rung three, say nothing. Time yourself.

Where it shows up: Every officer who does too much. The advisor side of it is the Student-Led Transfer Ladder — which chapter functions the advisor still performs that a student could.

Coach note
The rung most officers skip is three. They go from doing it together to handing it over, and the member fails, and the officer concludes delegation does not work. Ask which rung they are on. It is nearly always two.
Grounded in
RGraduated handoff; expert coaching condition — Hackman
Hackman’s expert-coaching condition rendered as a four-step progression; parallels the see-one/do-one clinical skills sequence. Replaces Situational Leadership (Hersey & Blanchard), grade C — heavily taught, weak empirical support for style-matching.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-hand-off-a-task  ·  Lead a Team  ·  Team

Give Feedback That Lands

Lead a TeamTeamEMPOWER10 min

Feedback is the thing a chapter officer does most often and is taught least. One three-part structure — what happened, what the person did, what effect it had — keeps it specific enough to act on and free of the judgement that makes people stop listening.

Situation, behaviour, impact
  • Situation — when and where. ‘At Tuesday’s meeting, during the fundraiser discussion.’
  • Behaviour — what they did, observably. ‘You cut in three times while Sam was talking.’ Not ‘you were rude’.
  • Impact — what it did. ‘Sam stopped contributing and we lost the one person who had run a fundraiser.’
Then stop

Do not add advice unless asked. The three parts are the feedback; the next step is theirs to propose. If they ask, offer one thing, not five.

It works in both directions

The same three parts deliver praise that is worth something. ‘At the health fair, you stayed with the grandmother who was frightened by her results, and she left with a plan. That is the whole reason we were there.’

Do this
  1. Write the next piece of feedback you need to give in the three parts before you give it.
  2. Delete every adjective about the person. Keep every verb about the behaviour.
  3. Give one piece of positive feedback this week in the same three parts.

Where it shows up: After every event. In every one-to-one. It is the everyday tool that Conflict Triage and Hold a Peer Accountable escalate from.

Coach note
Officers give feedback as a character judgement because it is faster. Ask them to say the behaviour line first, before anything else. If they cannot name a behaviour, there is no feedback yet — only a feeling.
Grounded in
PSituation–Behavior–Impact — Center for Creative Leadership
SBI feedback model, Center for Creative Leadership. Widely used practitioner tool; label it as such.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-give-feedback  ·  Lead a Team  ·  Team

Fill the Room

Lead a TeamTeamBUILD30 min

Recruitment is a funnel with five stages, and at every stage people leave for a reason. The reason is almost never the message. It is a cost — a meeting time that collides with a bus route, a dues figure nobody explained, a first meeting where everyone else already knew each other. Find the cost at each stage and the funnel fills itself.

StageThe cost that loses them hears about itknows nobody who will be there attends oncedues, and nobody said what they buy joinsmeeting time collides with the bus engagesfear of being the only one who cares leads— and invites the next one, by name
Five stages, each with a conversion action and a cost
  • Hears about it → attends once. Action: a named person invites them. Cost: they do not know anyone who will be there.
  • Attends once → joins. Action: they are given something to do before they leave. Cost: dues, and nobody said what they buy.
  • Joins → engages. Action: a real task with a deadline by meeting three. Cost: the meeting time, the location, the transport.
  • Engages → leads. Action: the four-rung handoff of one function. Cost: fear of being the only one who cares.
  • Leads → recruits. Action: they invite the next one, by name.
The cost column is the point

For every stage, write the cost in time, money, social risk and what the member gives up to be there. Most chapters have never written that column. When they do, the fix is nearly always logistics, not messaging.

The first thirty days

Onboarding is the second and third stage done deliberately. One named action per week — a greeting by name at meeting one; a real task by meeting three; a question about what they want from HOSA before week four, with a promise about how the answer will be used.

Do this
  1. Fill the five-stage funnel for your chapter on the printed sheet. Cost column first.
  2. Pick the stage where most people leave. Change one cost.
  3. Write the first-thirty-days sequence and assign one officer to run it for every new member.

Where it shows up: August to October. Again in January for the second-semester intake.

Coach note
When a chapter says nobody comes, ask what time the meeting is and how the members get home. That is usually the answer, and it has nothing to do with the flyer.
Grounded in
RExpectancy-Value Theory, cost term — Eccles & Wigfield; Developmental Relationships Framework — Search Institute
Eccles & Wigfield expectancy-value model, the cost term. Search Institute Developmental Relationships Framework — express care, challenge growth, provide support, share power, expand possibilities — for the first-thirty-days sequence.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-fill-the-room  ·  Lead a Team  ·  Team

Lead Beyond

How do I change something outside this room?

Five Conditions

Lead BeyondTeamBUILD25 min

Most chapters that say they have a motivation problem have a structure problem. There are five conditions under which teams work, and scoring them in September and again in January tells you which one is missing — and each missing one routes to a different fix. This replaces the stage model most leadership material still teaches.

Five questions, scored 1–4
  • A real team — is membership stable and bounded? Does everyone know who is on it?
  • A compelling direction — can every officer say in one sentence what the year is for?
  • An enabling structure — are roles clear, are meetings designed, is the work divided so it can actually be done?
  • A supportive context — does the chapter have the room, the budget, the advisor time, the school’s backing?
  • Expert coaching — is someone helping the team get better at working together, not only at the task?
Low score, different fix
  • Low direction → a goal-setting problem. Write the one sentence.
  • Low structure → a roles-and-meetings problem. Charter and agenda.
  • Low context → an advocacy problem. The Internal Advocacy Pack goes to an administrator.
  • Low coaching → an advisor problem, or a state-staff one.
  • Low ‘real team’ → the roster is the problem. Who is actually on this?
What was retired

Forming, storming, norming, performing is universally taught and has never held up as a sequence teams pass through. Keep the four words as vocabulary if they help. Do not diagnose a chapter with them.

Do this
  1. Score the five in September at an officer meeting. Do not average.
  2. Take the lowest and apply its fix.
  3. Score again in January. Whether the number moved is the finding.

Where it shows up: Chapter officer teams and the SEC, twice a year. The affiliate-level version is the health record state staff keep per chapter.

Coach note
Chapters diagnose themselves with the wrong word. ‘We have no motivation’ is nearly always a 1 on structure. Run the five questions before accepting any chapter’s own diagnosis.
Grounded in
RConditions for team effectiveness — Hackman
Hackman (2002), Leading Teams — real team, compelling direction, enabling structure, supportive context, expert coaching. Replaces Tuckman’s stage model, grade C.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-five-conditions  ·  Lead Beyond  ·  Team

The January Reset

Lead BeyondTeamBUILD60 min

Teams do not improve gradually. They change sharply at the temporal midpoint of their lifespan, when the deadline suddenly becomes real. An officer term runs September to May; the midpoint is January. A reset scheduled there is not generic advice — it is the one moment the research says a team is most willing to change how it works.

SeptemberMayJanuary first half — under September's assumptions second half — after the reset the midpoint — the team is most willing to change how it works re-score the five conditions · re-read the charter · midpoint memo re-derive the calendar · decide the avoided thing
What the midpoint does

Around halfway, a team realises how much time is left and how much of the plan has not happened. That realisation is uncomfortable and it is useful — it is the only point in the year when a team will voluntarily abandon its September assumptions.

The reset, in one meeting
  • Re-score the Five Conditions. Compare to September.
  • Re-read the charter. Amend what has not held.
  • Each officer writes a midpoint memo: what I said I would do, what has happened, what I am changing for the second half. One page.
  • Re-derive the calendar from the second peak — the offsite Round Two dates and SLC.
  • One decision the team has been avoiding, decided.
For the SEC

This is the defensible reason for a mid-year retreat. Not a reward, not a bonding exercise — the point in the year when the council is most able to change course.

Do this
  1. Put the reset in the calendar now, in the first two weeks of January, before anything else claims the date.
  2. Send the midpoint memo template two weeks before.
  3. Run the five parts in order. The avoided decision goes last so it cannot be skipped.

Where it shows up: January, every year, at every level. It is also the second reading of the charter and the second run of the Five Conditions.

Coach note
The reset fails when it is run as a celebration. Open with the September scores and the calendar as it actually stands. Let the gap be visible before anyone talks about what went well.
Grounded in
RPunctuated equilibrium in groups — Gersick
Gersick (1988), Academy of Management Journal — teams shift sharply at the temporal midpoint of their lifespan rather than improving gradually.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-january-reset  ·  Lead Beyond  ·  Team

Hold a Peer Accountable

Lead BeyondTeamEMPOWER10 min

Raising a missed commitment with a peer is the hardest conversation on an officer team, because nobody outranks anybody. The only thing that makes it possible is agreeing the exact words in advance and writing them into the charter. Decided before it is needed, it is a procedure. Decided in the moment, it is a fight.

The script, written in September

The charter states it. Something like:

  • ‘You said you would have X by Y. It is not here. Where does it stand, and what do you need?’
  • The three parts: the commitment as it was made, the fact that it was not kept, an open question. No adjectives. No history.
  • The reply is also scripted: a status, and a new date or a request for help. Not an explanation of why.
Why it works

Because it was agreed. The person raising it is doing what the team decided, not making a personal accusation. The person receiving it heard the words in September and signed them.

The second time

The charter also says what happens the second time. Usually: the task moves to someone else, stated in the meeting, without discussion. That is not punishment. It is what the team agreed.

Do this
  1. Write the exact script into the charter at the first officer meeting. Read it aloud.
  2. The first time it is needed, use the words as written. Do not improve them.
  3. Debrief afterwards, privately, with the person — how did the script land.

Where it shows up: Officer teams and the SEC, from the second month onward. It is the last field of Write the Charter.

Coach note
When an officer tells you a teammate is not pulling their weight, ask whether the script has been used. It almost never has. Do not run the conversation for them; ask them to run it as written and report back.
Grounded in
RPsychological safety; team charters
Edmondson (1999) on the conditions under which peers can raise problems; Mathieu & Rapp (2009) on charters as the vehicle for pre-agreed norms.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-hold-a-peer-accountable  ·  Lead Beyond  ·  Team

Force Field

Lead BeyondTeamADVANCE25 min

Every change a team tries to make has forces pushing it forward and forces holding it back. The instinct is to push harder. The finding is that pushing harder often increases the resistance too. The sustainable path is usually to reduce a restraining force — simplify the form, move the date — rather than to shout louder for compliance.

Driving forces Restraining forces the change strong medium weak medium strong medium strong weak strengthen one reduce one — usually the easier move
Map both sides

One page. The change you want across the top. Driving forces on the left, restraining on the right, each rated weak, medium, or strong.

  • Example — every chapter submitting officer applications on time. Driving: SEC visibility, peer chapters submitting early, the benefit of more planning time, advisor buy-in. Restraining: competing school deadlines, a confusing form, advisor turnover, no consequence for lateness historically.
Then choose
  • Which restraining force is easiest to reduce? Usually process friction — the form, the timing, the instructions.
  • Which driving force is most worth strengthening? Usually visibility of early adopters.
  • Do one of each. Not everything.
Where it fits

Run it before the January reset on the change the team most needs to make in the second half. Run it before any statewide initiative, as the first page of the launch plan.

Do this
  1. Name the change. Fill both columns on the printed sheet.
  2. Rate each force.
  3. Pick one restraining force to reduce and one driving force to strengthen. Assign each.

Where it shows up: Before any change the team is about to push for. It pairs with Early Adopters First at Governance · Lead Beyond.

Coach note
Teams fill the driving column enthusiastically and leave the restraining column half empty. Make them fill the right side first. The right side is where the plan is.
Grounded in
PForce field analysis — Lewin
Lewin (1951), Field Theory in Social Science. A classic practitioner tool with theoretical grounding; the specific driving/restraining analysis is not an empirically validated intervention and is labelled accordingly.
DC HOSA Leadership Hub  ·  leadership.dchosa.org/team.html#team-force-field  ·  Lead Beyond  ·  Team